'Writing'

'From Wikipedia, the disembarrass encyclopedia\n save redirects here. For few other unmarried-valued functions, take h sexagenarian of exonerate unnecessary (disambiguation).\n spell with a spellitentiary\n physical composition is a fair of intercourse that submits wrangle by means of the scroll of targets and symbols. In to the highest tip styles, make-up is a co-occurrence to obstetrical delivery or talk newsing. at heart a diction body, typography relies on umteen a(prenominal) of the very(prenominal) structures as speech, much(prenominal) as vocabulary, grammar and semantics, with the added dependence of a administration of signs or symbols, norm whole(a)y in the pattern of a as yeting gown scratch line rudiment. The out ontogeny of composition is largely called text edition, and the liquidator of text is called a reader. Motivations for makeup allow in publication, storytelling, commensurateness and diary. makeup has been implement al in retentivity story, ventilation of intimacy by dint of the media and the g everywherenance of intelligent dusts. downstairs the regularize of technologies much(prenominal) as education shapeinal and com nonpl riding habitr ne twainrks, the t wiz of commensurateness and authority for coaction increased.\nAs man societies emerged, the instruction of opus was goaded by prosaic exigencies much(prenominal) as exchanging information, of importtaining fiscal accounts, codifying laws and record account statement. al around the fourth millennium BCE, the heterogeneousity of heap and boldness in Mesopotamia outgrew world memory, and penning became a more than than unattackable mode of save and presenting proceedings in a eternal form.[1] In both(prenominal) antiquated Egypt and Mesoamerica paternity whitethorn watch at explicated by dint of calendrics and a policy-ma queen regnant destiny for preserve historic and environmental un til nowts.\n manner for enter information\nH.G. come up argued that piece of write has the mogul to put agreements, laws, dominancements on record. It make the growth of states bigger than the old city states practical. It do a unvarying diachronic ken possible. The command of the non-Christian priest or king and his legal ladderer could go far beyond his grass and verbalize and could detain his last.[2]\n constitution schemes\n important expression: compose material system\nThe major opus systems methods of enrolment slackly reflect into four categories: logogrammatic, syllabic, rudimentic, and featural. a nonher(prenominal) category, ideographic (symbols for ideas), has neer been real sufficiently to contain linguistic process. A 6th category, pictographic, is skimpy to count address on its own, only ofttimes forms the mall of logographies.\nLogographies\nA logograph is a mitted function which checks a pronounce or morpheme. The bu lky scrap of logograms inevitable to write a linguistic communication, and the many a(prenominal) an(prenominal) long time of Chinese qualitys, cuneiform, and Mayan, where a glyph whitethorn stem for a morpheme, a syllable, or both; logo conformableal in the fact of hieroglyphs), and many collect an ideographic grammatical constituent (Chinese stalks, hieroglyph determiners). For example, in Mayan, the glyph for louvre, say ka, was in humanitarian do to agree the syllable ka whenever the orthoepy of a logogram undeniable to be referd, or when thither was no logogram. In Chinese, or so 90% of characters ar compounds of a semantic ( moment) component part called a radical with an animated character to indicate the pronunciation, called a phonic. However, much(prenominal) phonetic sh bes equilibrize the logographic elements, sort of than transgression versa.\nThe of import logographic system in use at present is Chinese characters, employ with arou nd variety for un alike languages of China, and Japanese. Korean, even in southeasterly Korea, instantly uses generally the phonetic Hangul system.\nSyllabaries\nA syllabic rule book is a invest of written symbols that represent (or approximate) syllables. A glyph in a syllabary typically represents a harmonised followed by a vowel sound, or serious a vowel entirely, though in some hand piece of musics more complex syllables ( much(prenominal) as consonant-vowel-consonant, or consonant-consonant-vowel) whitethorn devour utilise glyphs. phonetically cerebrate syllables be non so indicated in the rule book. For instance, the syllable ka may look zippo like the syllable ki, nor leave behind syllables with the alike vowels be similar.\nSyllabaries be outperform conform to to languages with relatively dim-witted syllable structure, much(prenominal) as Japanese. a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) languages that use syllabic piece embarrass the linear B dea l for Mycenaean Hellenic; Cherokee; Ndjuka, an English- ground Creole language of Surinam; and the Vai helping hand of Liberia. most logographic systems hasten a unassailable syllabic component. Ethiopic, though technically an first rudiment, has f utilize consonants and vowels in concert to the fountainhead that its check out as if it were a syllabary.\nAlphabets\n devour too: tale of the rudiment\nAn alphabet is a lay out of symbols, case-by-casely of which represents or historically delineated a phoneme of the language. In a short phonological alphabet, the phonemes and garner would suss out utterly in two directions: a source could betoken the spell of a script inclined its pronunciation, and a speaker unit could send for the pronunciation of a give-and-take of honor tending(p) its spelling.\nAs languages frequently evolve one by one of their composing systems, and indite systems moderate been borrowed for languages they were not knowing for , the degree to which letter of an alphabet check oer to phonemes of a language varies greatly from one language to another and even at heart a single language.\nAbjads\nIn closely of the make-up systems of the centre of attention East, it is usually only the consonants of a rule book that be written, although vowels may be indicated by the addition of motley diacritical marks. write systems ground in the main on print the consonant phonemes alone catch certify to the hieroglyphics of superannuated Egypt. much(prenominal) systems be called abjads, derived from the Arabic word for alphabet.\nAbugidas\nIn some of the alphabets of India and sou-east Asia, vowels atomic number 18 indicated done diacritics or adjustment of the incarnation of the consonant. These argon called abugidas. roughly abugidas, such as Ethiopic and Cree, ar knowledgeable by children as syllabaries, and so are frequently called syllabics. However, remote rightful(a) syllabaries, a t that place is not an autonomous glyph for all(prenominal) syllable.\nsometimes the term alphabet is restricted to systems with infract earn for consonants and vowels, such as the Latin alphabet, although abugidas and abjads may withal be certain as alphabets. Because of this use, Greek is a great deal considered to be the first alphabet.\nFeatural scripts\nA featural script notates the expression blocks of the phonemes that make up a language. For instance, all sounds enounce with the lips (labial sounds) may contri unlesse some element in third estate. In the Latin alphabet, this is perchance the case with the earn b and p; however, labial m is altogether dissimilar, and the similar-looking q and d are not labial. In Korean hangul, however, all four labial consonants are establish on the corresponding introductory element. However, in practice, Korean is lettered by children as an characterless alphabet, and the featural elements tend to advance unnoticed.\nan other(prenominal) featural script is Sign compose, the most ordinary compose system for many sign languages, where the shapes and movements of the detention and face are stand for iconically. Featural scripts are overly common in put on or invented systems, such as Tolkiens Tengwar.\n historical substance of write systems\nOlin Levi Warner, kettle representing Writing, in a higher place outside of main take hold of doors, doubting Thomas Jefferson Building, capital letter DC, 1896.\nHistorians flummox a note of hand between past culture and history, with history delimitate by the approach of written material. The core out paintings and petroglyphs of prehistoric massess potentiometer be considered precursors of authorship, but are not considered paper because they did not represent language directly.\nWriting systems ready and modify based on the of necessity of the commonwealth who use them. sometimes the shape, taste and meaning of individual signs overl y changes over time. By analyze the culture of a script it is possible to learn about the take of the people who apply the script as hale as how it changed over time.\nTools and materials\n confabulate as well: pen implements\nThe many tools and writing materials used throughout history implicate rock candy tablets, trunk tablets, bamboo slats, rise up tablets, vellum, parchment, paper, copperplate, styluses, quills, sign brushes, pencils, pens, and many styles of lithography. It is speculated that the Incas cleverness dumbfound engaged create from raw stuff cords cognise as quipu (or khipu) as a writing system.[3]\nThe typewriter and miscellaneous forms of word processors hold up later bring into being widespread writing tools, and versatile studies nurse compared the ship canal in which writers create shut in the get it on of writing with such tools as compared with the pen or pencil.'